Leaving an abusive partner can interrupt one form of control and provoke another. Survivors need more than advice to leave. They need safety planning, legal support, housing, income and people who will stay with them through what comes next.

The question is often put to a woman experiencing intimate partner violence as though it has a simple answer: Why doesn’t she leave? It is the wrong question. Many survivors are already doing extraordinary work to keep themselves and their children safe. They are reading changes in a partner’s behaviour, trying to protect the people and animals they love, finding money, and calculating what might happen if they make a move.

Leaving can be a turning point. It can also be a dangerous period. An abusive partner may respond to separation by increasing threats, stalking a survivor, using children to force contact or trying to keep control through money and the courts. The danger may begin when a partner suspects that a survivor is preparing to leave. It may continue long after the relationship has ended.

None of this means that a survivor should stay. It means that the responsibility for safety cannot be placed on the survivor alone.

In Canada, intimate partner homicide is an urgent reality.

These figures from Statistics Canada count deaths; they do not capture the much larger number of survivors who live with threats, coercive control and the consequences of abuse.¹

At Battered Women’s Support Services (BWSS), we hear the question behind the question: How do I get through this and build a life in which I am safe? A useful response begins with listening to the survivor. It also requires practical support that remains available before, during and after separation.

Why separation can increase risk

Intimate partner violence is often a pattern of power and control. An abusive partner may decide who a survivor sees, monitor her movements, restrict money, threaten her immigration status or make her afraid of what will happen to her children. Physical violence may be present, but control can operate every day without a new assault.

When a survivor asserts independence or ends the relationship, an abusive partner may experience that change as a loss of control. Some respond with more intense violence. Others turn to relentless contact, surveillance, threats about parenting, financial sabotage or legal proceedings used to exhaust and intimidate. There is no fixed sequence. Violence can escalate while a couple lives together, when they separate or months afterward. Justice Canada recognizes separation as a period of heightened risk in families with a history of violence, including risk to children.²

That is why “just leave” is inadequate advice. It assumes that an abusive person will accept the decision and that a survivor can immediately secure housing, money, legal information and protection for her children. In British Columbia, those resources are not equally available. BWSS’s 60 Barriers to Leaving identifies how economic insecurity, housing shortages and failures across public systems narrow survivors’ options. The barriers become more severe for women facing racism, colonial violence, disability discrimination or precarious immigration status.

Leaving is a decision a survivor makes in the circumstances she knows best. A friend, family member or professional may see danger without understanding what the abusive partner has threatened to do if she goes. A survivor may need time to arrange a safer way out. Another may have to leave immediately. Both deserve support without being judged for the timing or route they choose.

Pay attention to changes in danger

No checklist can tell someone precisely what will happen. A risk assessment is a way to take warning signs seriously and decide what support may be needed. It should include the survivor’s own account of what her partner has done and what she believes they may do next.

A survivor’s belief that her partner could kill her must be heard. Risk does not disappear because an assault left no visible injury, or because the abusive partner apologized afterward.³

Substance use or a mental health concern may be relevant to understanding a situation, but neither excuses abuse. The person using violence remains responsible for their decisions. It is also important not to treat a risk score as a verdict. A survivor does not need to complete an assessment or establish that she faces the “highest” level of danger before contacting BWSS.

Safety planning starts before a decision to leave

A safety plan is not a promise to follow one prescribed path. It is a practical conversation about what a survivor wants, what an abusive partner has done and what options exist now. A plan may address how to get through the next evening, how to contact help privately, what to do if violence escalates, or how to prepare for separation over time. It can be revised when circumstances change. Public Health Agency of Canada guidance notes that planning can help even when a survivor is not preparing to leave.⁴

The first step may be identifying a safe way to communicate. Can an abusive partner see call logs, email or location history? Is a voicemail safe? Could a letter or appointment reminder be found? Survivors can tell an advocate which methods are safe and whether messages should be left at all. A trusted person might be able to hold a copy of documents, offer a place to make a private call or know when to seek help. Those arrangements should be chosen with care. Even well-meaning people can accidentally share information with the abusive partner.

A safety plan can also include children. A child should know that the violence is not their fault and that their job is to get to safety, not to intervene. Depending on their age and the situation, a family may identify a trusted adult, a safe place or a way to ask for help. Threats to take children away must be taken seriously. They are one reason legal advice and safety planning may need to happen together.

Companion animals belong in the conversation too. Some abusive partners threaten or injure animals to frighten a survivor or make leaving harder. Plans may need to address transport, medication, veterinary records and a temporary place where an animal can stay. A survivor should not have to choose between acknowledging this risk and being taken seriously.

What to prepare, if there is time

When it is safe and possible to prepare, having access to a few essentials can reduce the need to return to a dangerous place.

No list is worth being discovered by an abusive partner. A survivor who needs to leave quickly should seek safety without waiting to gather everything.

Photographs or copies may help replace documents later, but storing them in a shared account can create another risk.

Money often determines what a survivor can do next. An abusive partner may control wages, run up debt, drain a joint account or stop contributing to rent or children’s needs. It may help to discuss a private way to access funds, income assistance, employment support or housing options. Any financial change should be considered in light of what the abusive partner can see. A new bank account or credit card is not automatically private if statements, devices or online credentials are shared.

For a survivor whose immigration status is tied to a partner, planning may include urgent advice about status, work authorization and eligibility for supports. The threat “you’ll be deported if you leave” is a common form of control; it is not reliable legal advice. The safest next step is to speak with someone who understands both immigration processes and intimate partner violence. BWSS’s Justice Centre works across family law, child protection and immigration issues for survivors facing these overlapping systems.

Digital safety is part of physical safety

Phones, accounts and connected devices can give an abusive partner access to a survivor’s location, messages or plans. A shared phone plan, family account, car app, location sharing setting or password known to the partner may continue to reveal information after separation. Technology may also be used to impersonate a survivor, monitor children or send constant unwanted messages. Canada recognizes surveillance and tracking as forms of technology-facilitated gender-based violence.⁵

There is no universal instruction to turn everything off at once. Sudden changes to passwords or location sharing may alert an abusive partner, and some changes can affect access to accounts or evidence. A safer first step may be to contact an advocate from a device the abusive partner cannot access. Together, you can identify which accounts and devices may be compromised, what changes can safely be made now and whether there is information you want to preserve. Justice Canada’s guidance for family law advisers specifically calls for safe communication preferences and attention to shared devices and accounts.⁶

Privacy matters when seeking help online as well. An “exit site” button can change the page on screen, but it cannot guarantee that browsing history, account activity or device monitoring disappears. If it is safe to do so, consider using a trusted person’s phone or another device that is not shared or monitored.

Children, parenting and the law after separation

For many mothers, separation begins a new set of legal pressures. A partner may threaten to take the children, withhold information, insist on contact outside agreed arrangements or use court filings as another means of reaching and exhausting a survivor. The survivor may need to address immediate safety at the same time as parenting schedules, housing, child protection involvement and income.

In British Columbia, family law protection orders and Criminal Code peace bonds are distinct legal options. Neither should be presented as an automatic guarantee of safety, and the appropriate route depends on the facts. The B.C. Family Law Act provides for protection orders where a family member is at risk of family violence. A survivor may also need advice about parenting orders or an existing agreement.^7,8

BWSS’s Justice Centre provides legal information and advocacy for survivors dealing with family law, child protection, immigration and related systems. Its Family Law Clinic provides summary legal advice with volunteer lawyers. Depending on the circumstances and available capacity, the Justice Centre may also assist with documents, court accompaniment or representation. A survivor does not have to work out alone which kind of legal help fits her situation.

Children’s safety is more than a question of where they live on the day a parent leaves. It also concerns what happens during exchanges, how information about a new location is handled and whether a child is being used to carry messages or gather information. Justice Canada has documented increased risks to children in some families during and after separation. These details belong in both legal advice and safety planning.⁹

Housing and income are safety issues

“Leave” is not a housing plan.

A survivor may have no affordable apartment to go to, may be unable to keep the current home on one income or may need somewhere that can accommodate children or companion animals. She may have to travel far from school, work, family or culturally relevant services to find a place. In a rural community, distance and a lack of anonymous options can create additional danger.

Emergency shelter can be essential, but survivors also need stability beyond the immediate crisis. BWSS’s Synchronicity Second Stage Transition House Program offers temporary, affordable accommodation and support for women and children who have experienced violence. It is second-stage housing, not a promise of an immediate emergency bed. The program provides support with safety planning, parenting, advocacy and the move toward permanent housing. Eligibility and vacancies must be discussed directly with the program; a survivor can ask BWSS about housing options without assuming that a place is available that day.

Economic independence also takes more than telling a woman to get a job. Abuse can interrupt education, destroy confidence, interfere with shifts or make it impossible to attend an interview. A survivor may need childcare, transportation, time to recover, or help translating skills gained before arriving in Canada. BWSS’s AWARE employment program supports women to identify their strengths, explore career goals and develop employment skills at a pace that accounts for the effects of trauma and violence. Employment support is one part of safety because reliable income can widen a survivor’s choices.

What if police are part of the plan?

If someone is in immediate danger or needs urgent medical help, calling 911 may bring the fastest emergency response. A survivor may also want to report an assault, threats, stalking or a breach of an order. But a decision about police contact is not simple for everyone. A survivor may fear retaliation, loss of housing or consequences for children. Indigenous, Black and immigrant survivors may have good reasons to be concerned about how institutions will respond.

An advocate can discuss what a police report may involve, how to preserve information about incidents and what other supports are available. Contacting BWSS does not automatically mean making a police report. The survivor should be told what information may be shared, with whom and under what circumstances. When there is immediate danger, a plan needs to respond to that urgency; outside an emergency, people deserve information and room to consider their options.¹⁰

Safety does not end when a survivor gets out

An abusive partner may keep trying to control the survivor after separation. They may repeatedly call or show up at work, monitor her online, withhold money, threaten a new partner, use parenting exchanges to force contact or launch legal proceedings. The survivor may need to change routines or arrangements more than once. A plan made on the day she leaves may need revision when a court date approaches or the abusive partner learns where she is living.

Rebuilding also takes emotional energy. Survivors may feel relief and fear at the same time. Grief for the relationship, exhaustion, anger and uncertainty can exist alongside a firm decision to stay apart. None of those feelings proves the abuse was less serious. Nor does returning to an abusive partner mean a survivor has failed. It may mean the barriers to safety are still there. BWSS’s support groups offer women a place to lessen isolation, share knowledge and heal with others who understand the effects of violence.

Friends and family can help most when they keep the relationship open. Ask what contact is safe. Offer specific assistance the survivor wants, such as accompanying her to an appointment or holding documents. Do not contact the abusive partner, reveal a location or make a public post about the separation without the survivor’s agreement. If she returns, keep listening. The aim is to preserve a route to support.

How BWSS can help at different stages

There is no single doorway through which every survivor must enter. Someone might call because she is frightened by a threat but has no plan to leave. Another may need legal information after receiving court papers. Another may be safely separated and trying to find work or a place to live. BWSS’s programs respond to different parts of that experience:

These services are connected because the problems are connected. A legal order without housing may leave a survivor with nowhere safe to go. Housing without income may be impossible to sustain. A survivor who has both may still need help with stalking or with the lasting effects of coercive control. Safety changes when systems and services respond to the whole life a survivor is trying to protect.

Questions survivors often ask

You can begin with one conversation

Safety is not a single moment of escape. It is the ability to make decisions without an abusive partner controlling the consequences, and to find support when a plan has to change. Survivors already hold vital knowledge about their own lives. Our job is to take that knowledge seriously and help make more options possible.

Safety changes everything.

The legal community is already debating whether the new tort of intimate partner violence will make family law proceedings longer, more complex and more contentious. From where we stand, that debate begins in the wrong place.

For more than 30 years, BWSS has provided specialized family law advocacy for victims and survivors of intimate partner violence. We intervened before the Supreme Court of Canada in Ahluwalia because we believed Canadian law needed to recognize what women have been telling specialized intimate partner violence services for decades.

Intimate partner violence is not experienced as a series of isolated incidents. It is experienced as coercive control — a pattern of domination that strips women of their dignity, autonomy and equality. A pattern that shapes parenting, finances, housing, relationships, decision-making and every attempt to seek safety.

Critics argue that recognizing coercive control will make family law more complicated. Women have been living that complexity all along. Family law is already one of the most difficult places to be when the person using coercive control is also the person you are required to negotiate with, parent with, disclose to, or appear before a court against.

The debate should not begin with whether this makes family law more complicated. It should begin with why women have spent decades trying to fit the reality of coercive control into legal frameworks that were never designed to recognize it.

This is The Downplay Effect. When coercive control is reduced to a series of isolated incidents, the pattern disappears. When the pattern disappears, so do its impacts on women’s dignity, autonomy, equality and safety.

The new tort recognizes the pattern — it does not create the complexity. And recognition is where meaningful justice begins.

To this survivor, who fought for justice after 54 years, and to her now adult children who chose to stand beside their mother after a lifetime of witnessing abuse: your courage reminds us that truth has the power to outlast fear.

Background: In May 2026, the Supreme Court of Canada recognized a new civil tort of intimate partner violence in Canadian common law (Ahluwalia v. Ahluwalia, CP24). In July 2026, an Ontario woman was awarded $400,000 over her husband’s decades-long abuse — reported as the first award of damages under the new tort (Financial Post).